“A distributed ledger, also known as a shared ledger, is a database that is consensually shared across multiple sites and geographies on a peer-to-peer (P2P) network without the need for a central authority. Each participant becomes a public witness of the transactions or data recorded on the distributed ledger. All the participants own an identical copy of the data on the shared network, making it nearly impossible for a single entity to make changes to the database.
A distributed ledger is very different from a centralized ledger, which is widely used by many institutions. A centralized ledger is highly prone to cyberattacks, because it has one point of failure. On the other hand, a distributed ledger is decentralized, meaning that the need for third-party intermediaries is removed and security is enhanced.
Still, the term “blockchain” is often interchangeably used with “distributed ledger.” This is not correct.
Distributed ledger technologies (DLT) require a peer-to-peer network and so-called consensus algorithms to ensure that data is replicated across all nodes. There are various forms of distributed ledgers, with blockchain — which is popular with mainstream users due to its association with Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies — being one of them. While all blockchains are distributed ledgers, not all distributed ledgers are blockchains.
A distributed ledger is simply a type of duplicated and synchronized database shared across different regions, servers and users, without the need for a certain data structure or centralized confirmation. The various servers communicate with each other to keep the most updated records of transactions. The DLT builder can control the structure, privacy and functionality of the distributed ledger, making it theoretically not that decentralized at all.
Meanwhile, blockchain technology creates a specific type of distributed ledger that usually establishes an immutable database shared by a decentralized network, using cryptography to validate and record all actions through a consensus mechanism. Each block of transactions is cryptographically linked to its validated predecessor to create a chain of uninterrupted, time-stamped data records. Especially in the case of cryptocurrencies, these records are accessible by the public and its rules are determined by its community based on their contributions through either computational mining power or asset staking. Enterprise blockchains on the other hand — as built on the technology of Hyperledger Fabric, R3, Corda, Ripple and Ethereum — allow for privacy and scaling settings as required by its creators. A major difference between blockchain and distributed ledgers is that blockchain must achieve consensus across its nodes, while a distributed ledger can achieve this without network-wide validation.
Types of Distributed Ledger Technologies
There are two distinct types of distributed ledgers and blockchains: permissioned (private) and permissionless (public). In essence, this determines who can participate in validating transactions on the network. In a permissionless distributed ledger, anyone can join the network without needing to be approved by anyone, like in the case of Bitcoin or Litecoin. A permissioned ledger requires participants to be approved before they can be part of the network, for example Facebooks’ Diem stablecoin project (formerly known as Libra).
Advantages of distributed ledgers
- Security and transparency – distributed ledger technology allows entries to be made on a decentralized ledger without involving a third-party. The entered records cannot be altered unless an entity controls more than half of the network’s computing power. In essence, distributed ledgers are tamper-proof, secure, immutable and transparent.
- No intermediaries needed – distributed ledgers greatly reduce operational inefficiencies. The elimination of third-parties saves both time and money. Such ledgers are good for financial transactions, as they offer a better alternative to the traditional banking process, known for being bureaucratic, expensive and time-consuming.
- Secure – distributed ledgers boost high security due to their decentralized nature. The information entered on the ledger is not stored on a single location, but rather, on all the computers (nodes) participating in maintaining the network…”
